How Open was the Landed elite during the era 1780 - 1888 Essay

How Open was the Landed tip top during the time 1780 - 1888 - Essay Example In European agrarian social orders, after the medieval period, land was credited as a profoundly requested resource since it empowered the primitive masters to deliver crops for means. Be that as it may, that was by all account not the only reason land served. Land was to a great extent observed as a superficial point of interest, an exceptionally esteemed belonging, whose value could be measured and displayed .It was viewed as a protected resource, where riches could be continued for a significant stretch, without the dread of misleading or extortion. Notwithstanding financial force, land empowered the landowners to accumulate political powers also. This was along these lines, as the proprietor of a home additionally filled in as the leader of the network and unraveled household questions. In addition, it permitted the proprietors to control the occupants that lived on his domain, most of which determined resource through chipping away at his territories. A landowner had a wide access to individuals who held places of power, which buttressed his impact and eminence in his area . Subsequently, land empowered him to maintain a managerial job in his general vicinity, notwithstanding it,accruing financial and political force. In England, while a few men procured land so as to set up their names, from a medieval family or become some portion of the landed tip top, the others obtained it as a venture or enhancement. Because of laws and approaches, obtaining land got simpler. For instance, the Act of 1711 went in Ireland, which constrained MPs to hold land, which was later, amended in 1760 to include more individuals who were lawfully ready to have land, significantly motivating force individuals to secure landiii. The legitimate hindrances were evacuated for them and legal counselors contrived simple and modest approaches to get land. Some political substances additionally purchased land so as to guarantee their constituent strength.The interest for land likewise expanded as individuals looked to maintain it in control to embrace lackadaisical undertakings, for example, shooting and chasing. Some purchased land so as to keep it as a cushion before they retirediv. Financing costs came to be extraordinarily c onnected with the value of land in the mid eighteenth century. Now and then, when the financing costs were low, particularly during and after Louis XIV wars, numerous individuals expected that the estimation of land would change in accordance with eventually lower levels and subsequently, obtained lands. During the mid-Victorian blast 1790-1815, rental rates in England flooded, and henceforth, the allure of land as a benefit expanded. Likewise, it was viewed as a steady speculation as its worth didn't change as much as government bonds in England, because of political shocksv. Relationships likewise took into consideration procurement of land, as office holders who had a place with renowned families yet didn't have lands, frequently wedded into landholding families, and henceforth turned out to be a piece of the landed world class. A considerable lot of them either had a place with political foundation, or were rich shippers. A large number of them were dealers in East India Company , who later themselves wedded into land possessing families, or wedded their children and little girls, and turned out to be a piece of the landed elitevi. Some of these vendors, who served in the subcontinent, normally known as ‘

Geography and History of the Great Wall of China

Geology and History of the Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is certifiably not a persistent divider however is an assortment of short dividers that frequently follow the peak of slopes on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. The Great Wall of China, known as long Wall of 10,000 Li in China, reaches out around 8,850 kilometers (5,500 miles). Building the Great Wall of China An initially set of dividers, intended to keep Mongol migrants out of China, were worked of earth and stones in wood outlines during the Qin Dynasty (221 to 206 BCE). A few increments and alterations were made to these straightforward dividers throughout the following thousand years yet the significant development of the cutting edge dividers started in the Ming Dynasty (1388 to 1644 CE). The Ming strongholds were built up in new territories from the Qin dividers. They were up to 25 feet (7.6 meters) high, 15 to 30 feet (4.6 to 9.1 meters) wide at the base, and from 9 to 12 feet (2.7 to 3.7 meters) wide at the top (wide enough for walking troops or wagons). At standard interims, monitor stations and watch towers were set up. Since the Great Wall was spasmodic, Mongol intruders experienced no difficulty breaking the divider by circumventing it, so the divider demonstrated fruitless and was in the long run deserted. Moreover, a strategy of assuagement during the resulting Ching Dynasty that tried to conciliate the Mongol heads through strict change additionally assisted with constraining the requirement for the Great Wall. Through Western contact with China from the seventeenth through twentieth hundreds of years, the legend of the Great Wall of China developed alongside the travel industry to the divider. Reclamation and modifying occurred in the twentieth century and in 1987 the Great Wall of China was made a World Heritage Site. Today, a bit of the Great Wall of China, around 50 miles (80 km) from Beijing, gets a huge number of sightseers every day. Would you be able to See It From Outer Space or the Moon? For reasons unknown, some urban legends will in general begin and never vanish. Many know about the case that the Great Wall of China is the main man-made article obvious from space or from the moon with the unaided eye. This is basically false. The legend of having the option to see the Great Wall from space started in Richard Halliburtons 1938 (some time before people saw the Earth from space) book Second Book of Marvels said that the Great Wall of China is the main man-made item noticeable from the moon. From a low circle of the Earth, numerous fake items are obvious, for example, interstates, delivers in the ocean, railways, urban communities, fields of harvests, and even some individual structures. While at a low circle, the Great Wall of China can unquestionably be seen from space, it isn't one of a kind in such manner. Be that as it may, when leaving the Earths circle and securing a height of in excess of two or three thousand miles, no man-made items are noticeable by any means. NASA says, The Great Wall can scarcely be seen from the Shuttle, so it would not be conceivable to see it from the Moon with the unaided eye. Along these lines, it is hard to detect the Great Wall of China or some other item from the moon. Besides, from the moon, even the landmasses are scarcely obvious. Concerning beginning of the story, Straight Dopes savant Cecil Adams says, Nobody knows precisely where the story began, albeit some think it was hypothesis by some bigshot during an after-supper discourse in the beginning of the space program. NASA space explorer Alan Bean is cited in Tom Burnams book More Misinformation... The main thing you can see from the moon is a wonderful circle, for the most part white (mists), some blue (sea), patches of yellow (deserts), and now and then some green vegetation. No man-made item is obvious on this scale. Truth be told, when first leaving earths circle and just a couple thousand miles away, no man-made item is obvious by then either.

Controversial theory about Pastor Eddie

Controversial theory about Pastor Eddie Controversial Theory Home›Controversial Posts›Controversial Theory Controversial PostsIntroductionThe controversial theory about Pastor Eddie long accuse of sexual abuse in the church on both the minors and the older females is meant to challenge the roles of the church leaders especially the pastor on taking care of the so called the sheep of God. According to the Holy books, the role of the church leaders especially the pastors is to show the congregation the way to new life that is sin free and not to propagate the acts of sinning in the believers.  Thus it looks controversial for the ‘shepherd’ to steal from what he or she entitled to take care of by the master.The shepherd is Pastor Eddie and whatever he should guide (the sheep) is the congregation in the church.   The act of sexual abuse is against the church doctrines and also from the biblical point of view it’s sinning. The pastor is the God chosen to proclaim before the believers that it’s long to indulge in s exually abuse, (Hester, 150). But the controversy is that the pastor who should be against sexual abuse is the one also practicing it. So how can he deliver the message in church is the question to ask. To explain the pastor’s behavior in the church, the following theory can help;Evolution theory;The evolution theory on sexual abuse depicts that males in general are still undergoing the process of evolution which has seen them to be what they are. Over time men are learning to become more aggressive and dominant over women. That is to say that man try as much as possible to over-ride on women in the society. This is explained to us due to the fact that there is successful reproduction and transmition of male’s genetic material from generation to generation. Those men who are more aggressive, they continued to pass on their genes while still learning more from the previous generation, (Tony Ward, 104). Pastor Eddie’s long accusation of sexual abuse behavior might be the result of inheritance of the genes from the previous generation.To understand the sexual behavior better, one need to understand the theory of natural selection and adaptation. There are two causes of behavior here; proximate and ultimate causes. Proximate cause is immediate and short-term cause. According to this theory, social scientists are majorly concerned with the proximate behavioral cause simply because it includes the behavioral influence of genes, physiology, environment and personality, (Tony Ward, 56). This is to say that proximate cause attempts to explain how the mechanism can lead to long sexual abuse behavior while ultimate causes can only attempt to explain why the cause of sexual behavior exists in men.Nature selects men according to their phenotypic traits. From the early times, nature selected men with good and favorable sexual traits and enabled to mate with females to produce the young ones. The traits selected in these men enabled to solve certain environmental probl em better than those who lack them. Thus the later fails to transfer their weak traits and in turn they perish on the way. Some of the adapted traits in the environment are specifically on sexual selections, (Tony Ward, 57). These selections of traits are meant to increase the quantity and quality of the mated individuals. Further the theory indicates that men are more aggressive to mate than female and these makes the females to choose from a group of men competing for them.Pastor Eddie’s sexual behavior cause;According to the pre-historical information, women are monogamous by nature. What they only need are men to help them give birth and also assist them in bringing up the children. Thus without the help of man the rate of mortality of women and children will be reduced tremendously. According to the evolution theory, the more aggressive men mated more than the less aggressive one, obviously known as the passive men. The genes of the more aggressive men kept on evolving, passi ng on these genes to their next generation. In the process of the transmition of these genes, a new breed of men such as Pastor Eddie came into being with more advanced sexual genes that initiates more sexual activities.Though, today we can say that the world is more civilized and better developed than before, the truth still indicates that the human sexual drive and behavior is more of that of any other mammals such as animals. Throughout the development of mankind from the old age to the present time, the brain of man has advanced so much but the sexual drive has not changed so far. That is why most of the sexual crimes such sexual abuse are committed by men simply because of the power to over-ride on women and their inherent desire to have sex than women. This is also attributed to the fact that more aggressive men acquired their genes from their fore-fathers genetically. They are in-born and not artificially acquired. Due to these facts we can conclude that the long sexual abuse of Pastor Eddie is natural, inborn and something that might be common from within his past generation.The sexual abuse behavior may be traced back to his parents and grandparents of the pastor. It has evolved and it’s now irresistible even with his profession at hand. That is why he can preach ‘wine but drink water’. As much as he may try avoid from time to time, the drive comes from inside to practice sex outside his marriage and in the process he is abusing sex.   He does this besides the fact that he may be married with wife and children. The wife may not sexually satisfy him because he has a high sexual libido i.e. sexually hyperactive which is inherited, (Tony Ward, 58).The pastor has weak superegos and very powerful sexual impulses and libido. That is why he has to go to other women and minors for sexual satisfaction besides his wife’s efforts to satisfy him. He does this to quench the sexual desires which to him he does not consider as sinful. He will also transfer t he same genes to his sons and daughters because it’s within the genes which are transferable from parents to the children. The children will also transfer it to their next generation and so on. The most important factor to note is the evolution nature of these sexual traits. The traits will continue to advance from this generation of Pastor Eddie to his children and to the grandchildren. By the time the grandchild will come, they may be the worst on matters of sexual abuse compared to pastor, (Konner, 553).That is what we called undergoing evolution.ConclusionControversial theories are many and many are expected to come so as to disapprove the existing information on sexual abuses such as rape cases. This theory is helping in understanding the nature of people in the society, their behaviors Inspite of their strategic role in the society. The more they are and the more they come, the more the controversy they bring in the world concerning the sexual behaviors and the better the un derstanding on the matter. But they are the best indicator of the growth of science and technology.

Controversial theory about Pastor Eddie

Controversial theory about Pastor Eddie Controversial Theory Home›Controversial Posts›Controversial Theory Controversial PostsIntroductionThe controversial theory about Pastor Eddie long accuse of sexual abuse in the church on both the minors and the older females is meant to challenge the roles of the church leaders especially the pastor on taking care of the so called the sheep of God. According to the Holy books, the role of the church leaders especially the pastors is to show the congregation the way to new life that is sin free and not to propagate the acts of sinning in the believers.  Thus it looks controversial for the ‘shepherd’ to steal from what he or she entitled to take care of by the master.The shepherd is Pastor Eddie and whatever he should guide (the sheep) is the congregation in the church.   The act of sexual abuse is against the church doctrines and also from the biblical point of view it’s sinning. The pastor is the God chosen to proclaim before the believers that it’s long to indulge in s exually abuse, (Hester, 150). But the controversy is that the pastor who should be against sexual abuse is the one also practicing it. So how can he deliver the message in church is the question to ask. To explain the pastor’s behavior in the church, the following theory can help;Evolution theory;The evolution theory on sexual abuse depicts that males in general are still undergoing the process of evolution which has seen them to be what they are. Over time men are learning to become more aggressive and dominant over women. That is to say that man try as much as possible to over-ride on women in the society. This is explained to us due to the fact that there is successful reproduction and transmition of male’s genetic material from generation to generation. Those men who are more aggressive, they continued to pass on their genes while still learning more from the previous generation, (Tony Ward, 104). Pastor Eddie’s long accusation of sexual abuse behavior might be the result of inheritance of the genes from the previous generation.To understand the sexual behavior better, one need to understand the theory of natural selection and adaptation. There are two causes of behavior here; proximate and ultimate causes. Proximate cause is immediate and short-term cause. According to this theory, social scientists are majorly concerned with the proximate behavioral cause simply because it includes the behavioral influence of genes, physiology, environment and personality, (Tony Ward, 56). This is to say that proximate cause attempts to explain how the mechanism can lead to long sexual abuse behavior while ultimate causes can only attempt to explain why the cause of sexual behavior exists in men.Nature selects men according to their phenotypic traits. From the early times, nature selected men with good and favorable sexual traits and enabled to mate with females to produce the young ones. The traits selected in these men enabled to solve certain environmental probl em better than those who lack them. Thus the later fails to transfer their weak traits and in turn they perish on the way. Some of the adapted traits in the environment are specifically on sexual selections, (Tony Ward, 57). These selections of traits are meant to increase the quantity and quality of the mated individuals. Further the theory indicates that men are more aggressive to mate than female and these makes the females to choose from a group of men competing for them.Pastor Eddie’s sexual behavior cause;According to the pre-historical information, women are monogamous by nature. What they only need are men to help them give birth and also assist them in bringing up the children. Thus without the help of man the rate of mortality of women and children will be reduced tremendously. According to the evolution theory, the more aggressive men mated more than the less aggressive one, obviously known as the passive men. The genes of the more aggressive men kept on evolving, passi ng on these genes to their next generation. In the process of the transmition of these genes, a new breed of men such as Pastor Eddie came into being with more advanced sexual genes that initiates more sexual activities.Though, today we can say that the world is more civilized and better developed than before, the truth still indicates that the human sexual drive and behavior is more of that of any other mammals such as animals. Throughout the development of mankind from the old age to the present time, the brain of man has advanced so much but the sexual drive has not changed so far. That is why most of the sexual crimes such sexual abuse are committed by men simply because of the power to over-ride on women and their inherent desire to have sex than women. This is also attributed to the fact that more aggressive men acquired their genes from their fore-fathers genetically. They are in-born and not artificially acquired. Due to these facts we can conclude that the long sexual abuse of Pastor Eddie is natural, inborn and something that might be common from within his past generation.The sexual abuse behavior may be traced back to his parents and grandparents of the pastor. It has evolved and it’s now irresistible even with his profession at hand. That is why he can preach ‘wine but drink water’. As much as he may try avoid from time to time, the drive comes from inside to practice sex outside his marriage and in the process he is abusing sex.   He does this besides the fact that he may be married with wife and children. The wife may not sexually satisfy him because he has a high sexual libido i.e. sexually hyperactive which is inherited, (Tony Ward, 58).The pastor has weak superegos and very powerful sexual impulses and libido. That is why he has to go to other women and minors for sexual satisfaction besides his wife’s efforts to satisfy him. He does this to quench the sexual desires which to him he does not consider as sinful. He will also transfer t he same genes to his sons and daughters because it’s within the genes which are transferable from parents to the children. The children will also transfer it to their next generation and so on. The most important factor to note is the evolution nature of these sexual traits. The traits will continue to advance from this generation of Pastor Eddie to his children and to the grandchildren. By the time the grandchild will come, they may be the worst on matters of sexual abuse compared to pastor, (Konner, 553).That is what we called undergoing evolution.ConclusionControversial theories are many and many are expected to come so as to disapprove the existing information on sexual abuses such as rape cases. This theory is helping in understanding the nature of people in the society, their behaviors Inspite of their strategic role in the society. The more they are and the more they come, the more the controversy they bring in the world concerning the sexual behaviors and the better the un derstanding on the matter. But they are the best indicator of the growth of science and technology.

This Way for the Gas Analysis Essay - 1239 Words

The Stages of Deception used as a way of Persuasion and the thought of Hope in This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen Throughout Borowski’s collection of short stories, â€Å"This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen† various characters have been deceived into their own executions. The thought of being led to one’s own death without even knowing is what went through the minds of many Jews during the Holocaust. These victims had no control or say in their fates and faced the judgment without any sympathy or remorse from their executers. Although the victim’s futures were for the most part condemned, as they got closer and closer to death, few never lost hope that some miraculous intercession could drastically change their fate for the†¦show more content†¦They obey this unspoken rule because it is the only way they themselves stay alive and earn a meal in their stomachs. In a conversation between Tadek and his fellow mates he comments â€Å"They can’t run out of people, or we’ll starve to death in this blasted camp. All of us live on what they brin g† (Borowski 31). The prisoners live and survive on the numerous victims that are brought in for execution on a daily basis. In addition, the prisoners feel that the least the victims deserve is a last hope until they face their own deaths, it is said to be â€Å"the only permissible form of charity† (37). This was a tactic in the Nazis overall strategy to achieve their genocidal goals. The author uses narration to explain to the reader that since the victims did not meet the standards of the Nazi community, the â€Å"Final solution† was to get rid of them. Tadeusez Borowski describes in his many short stories that some victims during the Holocaust had to choose between their one lives or loved ones. In â€Å"The People Who Walked On† there’s a situation between a young woman and a camp leader. The young woman and her mother were forced to undress and the camp leader was â€Å"struck by the perfect beauty of her body† and asked her to step aside. The man deceives her and tells her to trust him and follow him into the chambers. The woman still worried but hopeful asks â€Å"what will they do to us?† The man, in an effort to keep her calm responds â€Å"Remember, be brave, come. I shallShow MoreRelatedComparative Analysis Of Gtl And Lng As Gas Utilization1565 Words   |  7 Pagescareer episode provides a brief overture of my project COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GTL AND LNG AS GAS UTILIZATION OPTION which was done as part of my graduation B.Eng. in Petroleum Engineering, at Federal University of Technology, Owerri , in the duration of 2007- 2011. Chronology: XXXX-XXXX Name of the Organization: Federal University of Technology Geographical Location: Owerri, Nigeria. 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The business performance of this brand was good among the competitors, but during the recent years, it tends to be worse.The marketers of this company are trying to find a way to solve this problem by using the analysis and informations they got which cover many aspects. According to the analysis, the biggest competitor of Kingsford is Royal Oak and Private Label. Kingsford, as a brand with good bra nd awarenessRead MoreEssay about Caprica Energy and Its Choice1033 Words   |  5 Pagescompany rooted in Charleston, West Virginia area. First 30 years, it only operated in Kentucky and Ohio. Starting from 1997, Caprica carried on an expansion strategy to Michigan, and in 2005 it applied the hydraulic fracturing technology on shale gas exploiting. Up till now, Caprica already have five years experience on using hydraulic fracturing technology. Current Strategy: Caprica’s strategy is to grow its reserves, production, net income and cash flow. 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Essay about Legalizing Gambling - 713 Words

Why Amendment 33 is a Great Idea nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These are a few reasons why amendment 33 is a great idea for the state of Colorado. This ballot proposal for 2003 will create 25 million dollars in benfits for tourism (the promotion of tourism is Colorado). Next, Colorado will get to keep 61% of the profits made from the video lottery terminals; currently other states casinos give them a 14 % return (Confused). Third, this amendment will create jobs for our slumping economy. Last of all, we will be able to offer something else that other states around us can’t offer (Gambling). When Amendment 33 passes in the state of Colorado, it will boost out slumping economy and help out Colorado. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This†¦show more content†¦With amendment 33, jobs will be created. It is hard to find a decent job right now, and when amendment 33 passes, it will generate money and new jobs. With more money spend, people buy more from their local Merchants. So the businesses get more money, they have more to spend so they buy more, everyone wins. The video lottery program is a great idea to help strengthen the Colorado economy. Tourism is the backbone for a states economy, last year Colorado had a 160 million dollars in state and local taxes paid by tourist (Confused). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tourism is one way that states make lots of money. With the help of Amendment 33, Colorado will have $25 million to promote the state. The goal is to bring out-of-staters to Colorado and have they spend their money here. With enough folks visiting, the money that they spend will add up fast and help the economy. These People will spend money on food, gas. hotels, this create s jobs because theses places will have to hire local people to work theses jobs. This amendment will provide 15 years of funding for Colorado (Colorado State Ballot Issues). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are a lot of critics that oppose the passing of Amendment 33. 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Period 2. 6 April 2017.1627 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2017 Gambling’s rise to Legality in the United States Gambling has been a popular activity in the United States from the 1600’s to the present day United States. As gambling grows as a worldwide enterprise, it expands the United States with the opportunities it provides and the attention it consumes. Gambling as a whole benefits different recreational activities and events such as sports. Gambling also allows people visiting places like Las Vegas to enjoy playing poker with

Mcdonald s The Biggest Chain Of Fast Food Restaurants

McDonald’s is the biggest chain of fast food restaurants in the world. In 2015, company has 36,525 outlets worldwide in 119 countries (MCD Annual Report 2015, 2016, p. 13) serving more than 70 million customers on daily basis (Mackey, 2014). McDonald’s is operating in Informal Eating Out (IEO) segment (restaurant industry) and though it is the top brand in the world, year 2014 was difficult for the company. The global sales of the company dropped by 1% and operating income decreased by 4% (MCD Annual Report 2014 , 2015). McDonald’s brand image was negatively reported for unhealthy food and obesity among its consumers. McDonald’s is taking initiatives to improvise its menu, quality of food and the source of it. In a way, the company is also targeting different market segments and consumer age groups by ads and promotions and creating an emotional bonding with the brand (Blakely, 2012) (Dhaliwal, 2015). McDonald’s current market share is valued at $121.17 as of 06/02/16. Since the company is operating in the informal eating out (IEO) segment, it can have short or long term impact of high emerging competition from new restaurants and from traditional and non-traditional markets such as coffee shops, convenience stores, etc. Some of the major competitors of McDonald s are Dominos, Burger King, Yum Brands Inc., Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc., Wendy’s, Subway and Taco Bell ( © Copyright 2016 Morningstar, Inc., 2016). Opportunities and Threats Opportunities -Growing foodserviceShow MoreRelatedMcdonald s The Biggest Chain Of Fast Food Restaurants1377 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary McDonald s is the biggest chain of fast food restaurants in the world, having over 35,000 outlets and serving around 68 million customers on daily basis in 119 nations and on an average basis every McDonald restaurant serves 1916 customers on daily basis. The project focuses on McDonald’s financial health, strategies, business decisions, performance, growth, projections and opportunities. Company focuses on 5 p’s approach that is people, products, place, price and promotion toRead MoreMcdonald s The World s Biggest Chain Of Hamburger Fast Food Restaurants Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesMcDonald s is the world s biggest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers every day in 119 nations crosswise over 35,000 outlets. Founded in the United States in 1940, the organization started as a grilled restaurant worked with Richard and Maurice McDonald. In 1948, they redesigned their business as a hamburger stand utilizing generation line standard. Ray Kroc joined the organization as an established agent in 1955. He in this way acquired the chain fromRead MoreCorporate Level Of The Mcdonalds1329 Words   |  6 Pagesanywhere in the world that have been able to sustain the level of growth of McDo nalds. McDonalds began by selling only hamburgers and has expanded its menu as well as its franchises on a global platform. According to Robert Hartley, McDonalds Corporation faced a decline. McDonalds Struggled to grow as a result of constantly opening new stores, the acquisition of other fast-food franchises and a few discrepancies in the McDonalds menu. (Hartley, 2014, p.75). But as I conducted further research, I haveRead MoreMcdonald’s Case Analysis Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesINDUSTRY: Fast Food COMPANY WEBSITE: (www.mcdonalds.com) COMPANY BACKGROUND: Richard and Maurice McDonald started the first restaurant to sell hamburgers, fries, and milk shakes. Then Ray A. Kroc opens his first McDonalds and decides that he could make more money by selling them milk-shake mixers. (Dess, 2010). Overtime they were able to continue to profit till Jim Skinner takes over as CEO and launches specialty beverages, including coffee-based drinks. 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For example, the customer in the McDonald s can predict the food in McDonalds. You can find little to no differences between a McDonalds menu in New York than to a menu of a Mcdonald s in Ohio. This is done so thatRead MoreRay Kroc And The Fast Food Industry1428 Words   |  6 PagesIn the world today, Ray Kroc has had a profound impact on the world today with his work with McDonalds and the fast food industry. â€Å"If you work just for money, you ll never make it, but if you love what you re doing and you always put the customer first, success will be yours.† Ray Kroc said which he has defiantly perfected throughout his life. Ray Kroc was born on October 5, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois. Kroc’s parents were from a small village in Bohemia, which is Czech origin. Kroc’s dad was aRead MoreThe Mcdonald’s Case: Strategies for Growth996 Words   |  4 Pagesconsultants in Ho Chi Minh City Email: gianglevn@yahoo.com Abstract: This paper presents a case study of international franchising, focusing on fast-food sector. McDonald s is one of the world s premier entrepreneurial success stories. However, early in 2003, McDonald’s has announced a re-structure plan including cutting jobs, closing many restaurants and slowing down the expansion plan. What went wrong with McDonald’s and what can other international franchises learn from these mistakes areRead MoreFast Food Franchising Company And Corporation1342 Words   |  6 PagesMcDonald’s is a very well-known fast food franchising company and corporation. The company was first established in 1940 by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald. Surprisingly the restaurant was not named â€Å"McDonalds† from the beginning, it was actually named â€Å"McDonald’s Bar-B-Q† and it held many menu items, but mostly barbecue. After eight years of selling their menu, the brothers noticed hamburgers were their bestselling item. It was at that time, in 1948, that the McDonald brothers closed down theirRead MoreFast Food And The Kingdom Of The Fast Foods Industry1532 Words   |  7 Pagesof the fast food industry. Since White Castle, which was known as the first fast food chain in the United States, was established by Walter Anderson and Edgar Waldo â€Å"Billy† Ingram in 1921 (Kieler), other fast food chains also emerged such as M cDonalds, Taco bell, Burger King, or Wendy’s after 1941 (Wilson). Among those various fast food chains, especially, McDonalds became the biggest fast food chain not only in the overall America but also all around the world (Wilson). Nowadays, fast food is serving

Corporate Citizenship free essay sample

Corporate citizenship is a term used to describe a company role in the society, many times people has changed the name for social responsibility of the corporations and in one way it? true but we are missing a very important part in it definition, the part we are missing is that companies are like a citizen with a territory so they have their assets and they can sue or be sued, and when you seen the corporate citizenship like this you can understand that also the companies has all the rights that the people has, for example the right of free speech, participate in the politics of the country where they are and other rights that everyone has, but this is only in some countries because in another countries the companies are the ones who have to do everything and the country or government doesn? give any right or benefit to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Citizenship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The corporate citizenship has been present from many years or decades ago but only from 2000s many companies start to enter in this title if we can say it like this, this happen because in many countries the people start to buy the ideas that those companies that were social responsible were better than the others ones, so this become in a competition. The government also helps and gives many benefits to the companies that where social responsible and with this everyone wants to be a corporate citizenship and start many programs or regulations to become one. There are three ways to see the corporate citizenship in the world and this theory or approaches were established by Matten and Crane, the first two that I am going to mention are the most predominant in the business world, the approaches are: †¢Limited view – where corporate citizenship is used to denote corporate philanthropy in the local community, such as being a good citizen in donating money to charity or helping out a local sports or arts institution. Equivalent view – where corporate citizenship is used to refer to corporate social responsibility. †¢Extended view – where corporate citizenship is seen in terms of its distinctly political connotations, such as corporate claims to citizenship entitlements, firm? s participation in global governance, or corporate involvement in the administration of individuals social, civil and political rights. With these three approaches we can know that the corporate help the citizens, but for example the case of EJ Gallo Winery is where e can see that many companies use this helps or rights for the favor of the company and it? s not for helping the other, because if one company help in one community or in one country with donations or in some other ways they will ask for something later that could help the company in the market and to increase profits, so with this we can understand that many companies actually become corporate citizenship to gain something later. For conclusion we find that there are many ways to see the corporate citizenship, and that we can compare it with social responsible but we have to know that this corporate are helping everyone and making something to improve the world since the health of the people to the social security of everyone, so we have to remember that they also have the rights that almost every person or citizen has, and that sometimes they will gain something but they won? t stop helping o donating to make a difference.

Advanced Selling Strategies †Business 500 Level Book Summary

Advanced Selling Strategies – Business 500 Level Book Summary Free Online Research Papers Advanced Selling Strategies–Business 500 Level Book Summary Most sales success comes from the mind. Performance is a function of attitude, skills and action. By accepting complete responsibility, we undertake our own creative force and end up making things happen. The intensity to produce results creates results, which feeds the desire to create more results. There are seven mental laws of selling. The Great Law, or of cause and effect; Compensation, or of sowing and reaping; Control, which affects feelings; Belief, and with emotion creates reality; Concentration, with which what is dwelled upon grows and expands in the mind; Attraction, where you attract similar minded people; Correspondence, where your outer mind is a mirror of the inner mind. There are seven exercises to achieve mental fitness. These are positive: self talk, self imaging, mental food, people, training and development, health habits, and positive actions. Salespeople should always perform an analysis of there strengths and weaknesses and at the same time ensure their mission statements match their values and beliefs. The biggest fear of selling is the fear of rejection. Conversely, the biggest fear of buying is the fear of failure – people don’t like to be criticised or question by their friends. Everyone wants to be a Mr. or Mrs. Jones, so why look different, save the embarrassment. And everyone who has a negative buying experience files the experience away to further fuel more anger and resentment the next time. Which is why there are so many buyer reactions, but most of them could be categorized into specific sets. The critical factor in selling today is to help people reduce their perceived exposure to risk. Risk increases with the size of the sale and becomes directly apparent to a buyer in direct proportion to their unfamiliarity with the sales person. Therefore successful salespeople position their products as the low risk product, but before they do this, they build trust with buyers. Salespeople need to ‘relieve the tension’. So, rather than the old dog style of selling, today 40% of the sales process is building trust, 30% diagnosis, 30% presenting and closing (or closing while presenting). Listening is everything. God gave us two ears and one mouth so we could use them in that proportion in order to help us to learn how to trust each other. Listening develops character, and is a self discipline which must be practiced. Listening means listening attentively, and practicing how to shut up (especially when asking for the sale) and learning to pause before replying. Seven steps towards relationship building include: never criticising, never complain, never condemn, always approve, accept and appreciate with admiration the beliefs and opinions of clients. And, give them the attention and agreement they need from you. Building MEGA CREDIBILITY means everything counts. Every piece of evidence that proves a clients delight with the company or sales person must be recorded as precisely, concisely and clearly as possible. Photos, highlighted letters, testimonials etc, must be maintained in a presentation format for future customers to absorb before the sales person even starts talking about his/her product. When it comes to people buying from you, there seems to be a Law of Duality, of primary and secondary, of reasons that sound good and the real more subtle hidden reasons. Find the secondary reasons then you’ve found the green ‘hot’ button to trigger the client to buy from you. A salesperson should think like a doctor and ask, â€Å"Where does it hurt†? The goal is to take the pain away, do the deeds that solve the most pressing needs. This means discovering the both the primary positive motivators, and really working on that one big green button on his chest. We must remember our clients make most of their judgments about us within the first four seconds of meeting us. It’s almost as if their final judgments of us are made in those four seconds. And they certainly confirm those judgments as soon as we open our mouths. So leave nothing to chance dress, smile, smell, appear, time, stand perfectly before the client. Prospecting is the filling of the sales pipeline. One good way to fill the pipeline is to examine past clients: what do they all have in common that made them buy from you in the first place? What are they all attempting to avoid or achieve? When phone prospecting, the first objective is simply to sell an appointment (to get ten minutes of time to meet face to face). A well formulated opening statement such as the idea, benefit or result of what is being sold must be developed, such as, â€Å"would you be interested in a 100% written guarantee that your property will be sold for the highest possible price and without costing you absolutely any money in the process?†. Never tell over the phone how this is done, simply ask for the time to show how it’s done. Presenting in sales is made easier by examining and diagnosing the client first. But the sale is made in the presentation too, which means although the presentation makes only a fraction of the effort required to win the sale, the effort to win in the presentation is made easier by the understanding the green hot button needs of the client first. It means simply â€Å"Gap Analysis† – be the detective that finds the problem, then let’s the client feel how wide that gap is, and how you’re going to bridge that gap with a solution. The most important element of presenting is simply this: never say a thing if you can ask it. Telling is not selling. A salesperson telling may not be wrong; it’s just that it’s coming from the wrong person (the salesperson). The client should discover the solution for themselves. Use open ended questions to open up conversation, use closed ended questions to narrow the conversation to a concluding close. It’s important to listen to the customer’s unspoken words. Why should I listen to you? What is it? What’s in it for me? So what? Who says so? Who else has done it? The key is mega credibility, such as photos of delighted clients sticking sold stickers on their For Sale boards with their agency’s team. Closing is likened to golf, you ‘drive for show, but you putt for dough’. And objections from the customer are not a bad sign. Objections are good, they indicate interest and you should be excited to receive them. Objections should be received with an acknowledgement and respect of the customers’ feelings and opinions. All objections could be categorised into six groups: price, performance, follow-up service, competition, support, warranties and assurances. Answers to these groups should be bullet proof. Early objections must be found and answered immediately, preferably before the launch of a presentation. It’s no good having these objections rattling around in the minds of prospects during the presentation. Always handle objections diplomatically, such as, â€Å"obviously you have a good reason for saying that. Do you mind if I ask what it is?† Objections are the rungs on the ladder of success. As prospects hesitate or procrastinate the question needs to be asked, â€Å"There seems to be some question in your mind that’s causing you to hesitate about getting started with us today. Do you mind if I ask what it is?† These type of questions need to asked until the client has exhausted all his/her objections. Then it could be said, â€Å"With us now understanding all the facts, would you be ready to go ahead now†? And where people have to refer the decision to a higher authority, â€Å"rather than waste your time tomorrow, let’s makes that a condition of providing our service to you. We’ll write than up exactly as you want to, subject to you speaking with xxx, and at least that way, when won’t be wasting each others time having to go over every all over again another day, you wouldn’t want to have to do that would you?† Sometimes the client simply feel (or thinks) he/she cannot reveal the reasons to not going ahead. So that’s where we use reverse psychology. We get up and leave. We leave them, just get up and say thanks for your time, and say, â€Å"It would really help me with my other customer if I know exactly where I went wrong in my presentation to you.† Some good closes for the how much question include, â€Å"that’s the best part, if we’re not exactly right for you at anytime, then there is no charge†! Keeping in mind that to some clients price is the major factor, so, â€Å"Is price your only concern†, and â€Å"Are you going to make a decision in this areas solely on the basis of price’? Also ask, â€Å"How much too much does it cost?† Followed by, â€Å"isn’t it true you probably get what you paid for†? And â€Å"did you ever get anything cheap that turned out to be good†? Then close with, would you let us handle everything from here† AND remain silent, shut up, locks eyes with the client and remain zipped for easily over five minutes is you have too. Some errors when closing include: arguing, personal opinions, knocking the competition, overselling and assuming too much authority. Some obstacles include: negative expectations, lack of sincerity, being on completely different wavelengths or just simply a personality clash. Buying signals include the client asking for more technical or for finer details about service. The customer’s body language may change to the tea kettle position (that’s a new one) and chin rubbing. Perhaps the client will start calculating numbers or suddenly become friendly. What ever the indications, these are ‘yes’ statements, so they need to be seized upon, that is what the client is asking for. And that basically covers what I found most compelling from chapters one to ten. Finally, â€Å"What’s past is prologue† (Shakespeare). Research Papers on Advanced Selling Strategies - Business 500 Level Book SummaryIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on Children

Understanding Consumer Behaviour in Asian Mobile Phone Market

Understanding Consumer Behaviour in Asian Mobile Phone Market Executive Summary Consumer behaviour attempts to understand the buyer’s decision making process, both individually and in group. Behaviour of the consumer is biased or subjective. Their decision-making process is influenced by numerous factors. Personal influencing factors are categorized into two: internal factors and external factors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Understanding Consumer Behaviour in Asian Mobile Phone Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This study explores the significance of consumer behaviour in developing and refining marketing strategies. It also examines internal and external influencing factors that impact on mobile phone purchasing in Asian market. In addition, it looks at some of the success and failure examples about understanding consumer behaviour in the mobile phone industry. The strategies used by these companies must conform to the changing market environment and changin g consumer needs/wants. Introduction Overview Consumer behaviour is the study of how when, why, and where people do or do not buy goods and services (Baker Hart, 1999, p. 46). It attempts to assess the influence on the consumers from external factors such as high salaries and income, growth of urban lifestyle among others (Sheth, Mittal Newman, 1999, p. 3). Consumers do purchase goods and services for a number of reasons and these may include reinforcing self concepts, maintaining a given lifestyle, becoming part of a particular group or gaining acceptance in a group they already belong, and or expressing cultural identity (Riquelme, 2001, p. 438). Behaviour of the consumer is biased or subjective (Blodgett et al., 2001, p. 90). Their decision-making process is influenced by numerous factors. Personal influencing factors are categorized into two: internal factors and external factors. Internal factors include consumer’s attitudes, personality, perceptions, personal-concepts , lifestyle, roles and emotions. On the other hand, external factors include things like household structures, group associations, subcultures, and cultural beliefs among others (Jaeger et al., 2003, p. 187; Baker Burnham, 2002, p. 352). Internal or psychological influences are personal thoughts and feelings. Internal influences depict the way consumers interact with the environment around them, recognise their personal feelings, assemble and evaluate information, make plans, and take action.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consumer internal influences are very vital in knowing why and how particular behaviours occur (Dahl Moreau, 2002, p. 47). On the other hand, external influence evolves from the formal and informal relationships that exist among people. External influences can also be referred to as socio-cultural influence (Dahl Moreau, 2002, p. 48). Consum er behaviour provides rich information about people who buy products and services (Hawkins, Best Coney, 1998, p. 10). Many companies often fail to understand the needs and want of the consumers when developing their marketing strategies and this has cost them very dearly. Therefore, evaluation and understanding of consumer behaviour must come first before creating marketing strategies and plans (Gruner Homburg, 2000, p. 6). The decision making process of the consumers consist of five stages. These stages help in understanding how consumer behaviour influences the decision they make when they are purchasing goods and services. These stages are: identification of the need, searching for the solution, evaluation of the alternatives, making of decision and finally evaluating the decision made. The last stage is where consumers do regret or commend on their purchases (Smith, 2003, p. 20). Purpose of the Report The purpose of this report is to explore the significance of consumer behavi our in developing and refining marketing strategies. The study examines internal and external influencing factors that impact on mobile phone purchasing in Asian market. In addition, the study looks at some of the success and failure examples regarding understanding of consumer behaviour in the mobile phone industry. Overall results of the study will help the Asian mobile phones companies to develop and adjust their marketing strategies. Consumer Behaviour and Mobile phone purchasing Attitude and Mobile phone purchasing At the present, there has been a massive shift from second generation to third generation mobile phones. This means the use of mobile phone has changed from mere calling to a variety of novel uses such as accessing internet, multimedia messaging among others. Liu (2002) conducted a study on factors that affect the brand decision in the mobile phone industry in India. She established that consumer attitude plays a significant role in purchasing decision. In her study she found out that choice for mobile phone is influenced by attitudes towards the brand and mobile phone network. Whereas service rates and regularity dominate consumer choices between mobile phone network providers, choice for mobile phone brand were affected by mobile phone technological features (Ling, 2004, p. 43; Meyer Johnson 1995, p. 78). Most consumers preferred to buy mobile phones from reputable brands such as Nokia, Samsung and Motorola. Mobile phone products from these companies are widely accepted in most of the Asian market and are considered to be the best (Ling, 2004, p. 44). Chinese mobile phones experienced a lot of negativity in some Asian markets despite of the fact that some Chinese brands like Techno are high quality mobile phones (Castells et al., 2007, p. 83).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Understanding Consumer Behaviour in Asian Mobile Phone Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most mobile phone companies in the Asian market sold their products through local network service providers. Mobile phones sold through network service providers which are reputable for strong and reliable networks recorded the highest sales compared to those with negative reputation. Some of these network providers have customized mobile phones to an extent that they can only use their lines. This has had considerable impacts on the sales of reputable mobile phone brands since consumers’ attitude towards some of the network service providers varies (Ling, 2004). Reference Group and Mobile phone purchasing Previously mobile phones were being perceived by general consumers as expensive luxury commodities which could only be afforded by a few. However, mobile phones are increasingly becoming common, affordable and accessible even in the rural areas (McNeill, Sanders Civille, 2000, p. 163). According to a consumer behaviour research conducted by Srivastava (2005) in the Asian market , the purchasing decision of most of the consumers is influenced by reference groups. These include friends, family, work-mates, and peer groups among others. Hawkins Best Coney (1998) defines a reference group as a group used by individuals to express their purchasing behaviour in a specific circumstance. A reference group in this case consists of a group of individuals that a person has frequent contact with and those that he/she does not have direct contact or membership but considerably have influence on his/her purchasing behaviour (Blodgett et al., 2001, p. 90). The latter group may include celebrities, college students, and national leaders among others (McNeill, Sanders Civille, 2000, p. 164). Srivastava (2005) emphasizes that mobile phones have transformed from technological gadgets to social gadgets with communication being the main purpose of purchasing a mobile phone. Nevertheless, facilitating coordination between friends and families and strengthening social interact ion are the most significant elements of using cellular phones (Yoo Donthu, 2002, p. 390). According to McNeill, Sanders Civille (2000), owning a state of the art mobile phone is nowadays regarded as an achievement, not only money-wise but also socially in terms of integration within the society.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Certain groups have been identified through the use of mobile phones. For example, Nokia Company has been conducting a huge campaign for its Asha phone with the youths in mind. Most youths in Asia, Africa and the rest of the world have been identifying with the QWERTY movement and this is the reason why Nokia Company opted to introduce a cheaper phone with QWERTY characteristics. QWERTY phones are so much appealing to the youth and most youths want to identify with it. This is an example of how reference groups do influence consumers’ purchasing decisions (Bloggers Association of Kenya, 2012). Motivation/Emotion and Mobile phone purchasing Sheth, Mittal Newman (1999) defines motivation as unrelenting need that inspires and motivates consumers’ long term ambitions. Emotions on the other hand are provisional state that reflects the present changes in motivation. Motivation and emotions are budding forces that stir up and stimulate some behaviour in consumers. The two no rmally work together to influence consumers’ behaviour. Motivation compels consumers through buying process while emotions drive the motivation (Thrash Elliot, 2003, p. 873). According to a study conducted by Ling (2004), consumers normally have emotional attachment to there cellular phones than any other electronic gadgets. This is manifested in numerous ways. She found out in her study that most people tend to use emotional terms when describing their experience with their cellular phones. For example, some of the people she came across told her how they normally panic when their batteries run down or how they love using their mobile phones since they are not restricted to phone their friends whenever they are. In addition, mobile phones always act as a linkage between people who are already in some forms of relationships. Therefore, mobile phones create a sentiment of being near the loved ones. Being alone no longer means being on your own since friends and families can a lways stay in touch using the mobile phone. To some people mobile phones have become a part and parcel of them like an extension in their body and have made a habit of fumbling with their phone even when not on use (Liu, 2002, p. 49). Consumer relationship with the mobile phone is extended to the information contained and stored in the mobile phone itself. Immediately an individual acquires a mobile phone and inserts his/her SIM card the subsequent activities entail customizing phone features including ring tones, messaging service among others. In addition, mobile phones normally have a record of telephone numbers, e-mail addresses, personal notes, personal diary, videos, photos and many more items that are exceptional to an individual consumer. Therefore, mobile phones have become so valuable to the users that once they are lost they are difficult to replace (Thrash Elliot, 2003, p. 873). Some experts argue that individual’s emotional attachment to their mobile phones is a s a result of their relationships with others and that use of these phones is not a personal obsession. However, with the introduction of computer and video games on the mobile phones would make this an interesting debate. Many studies carried out on the use of mobile phones among the young people show that most of them prefer to play mobile phone games, even when they have PCs and games console (Vincent, 2005). As a result of this emotional attachment to mobile phones, mobile phone companies have been working indefatigably to improve the mobile phone to increase consumers’ emotional attachment to their mobile phones. Studies show that some consumers are willing to spend more than $600 for a single gadget as long as it has the features they want. At present, the very expensive I-phones and I-pads have dominated the mobile phone market and some consumers are willing to pay for them. These phones have extraordinary features that increase their emotional attachment to the consum ers. A number of the companies have also resorted to adding these features in cheaper mobile phone versions (Riquelme, 2001, p. 440). Successful and failure examples Over the past years, significant progress has been made regarding the development of new marketing strategies that conform to the consumers’ needs and wants. These developments have emphasized on reducing rates of product failure in the consumer market; however rate of product failure is still high and has not changed that. An example of this failure was experienced by AT T Company which introduced its first picture phones in 1964 Global Fair. The picture phone was launched in 1970 but slumped in 1974 due to lack of demand. A number of companies also attempted to launch different versions of picture phones in the 80s and early 90s and experienced the same fate (Floyd, 2001). Still, AT T re-launched the picture phones in the early 90s and experienced the same results. Despite of market failure, the company has b een adamant in re-launching this product in the market. Even with the present age of internet based mobile phones, picture phone’s time has not come. At the moment consumers are scrambling for smart phones, but they are still uninterested in picture phones. Therefore, new products that do not conform to the consumers’ needs and wants are bound to fail. Companies nowadays are starting to embrace tools of marketing research to establish consumer preference and need/wants (Floyd, 2001). Apple PLC is an example of a company that has been able to understand consumer behaviour in the mobile phone market. Its success is attributed to their market penetration strategy. The company is taking advantage of the computing revolution taking place at the moments by providing relatively cheaper and portable alternatives to laptops and desktops. In addition, the company has a tendency of introducing new features or quality devices which conforms to the current consumer needs and wants (Spark, 2009). The earlier smart phones that dictated the market were blackberries. They were viewed as top technological phones since they were able to combine normal phone features with PDA. Blackberries were replaced by I-phones. Apple I-phones are the greatest success story in the mobile phone history. Currently the company is introducing Android powered I-phones with the most powerful hardware and software (Spark, 2009). Conclusion In the past years, most marketers relied on daily contacts with the consumers to understand them. However, as companies and marketers expand, they normally lose contact with the consumers. This is the reason why most of these companies and marketers have resorted to consumer research since it is the only way they can learn more about consumer behaviour. Companies that actually understand how consumers respond to their products and services in the market are likely to gain competitive advantage over its rivals. Consumer behaviours are significantly in fluenced by cultural, social and psychosomatic elements. Therefore, companies must consider the needs and wants of the consumers first before developing any marketing strategy. The needs and wants of the consumers vary considerably depending on internal and external factors. As a result, companies must identify with how consumers transform marketing and other factors into buying response. When product managers are asked if a specific strategy will generate the desired outcome, they would generally say that it depends on: the product or service, targeted consumers, the message and the design of the strategy. All the above mentioned elements form the marketing mix. Conventionally, marketing mix include the 4Ps (Product, price, promotion and place) and are used to position product brands and to create value for these brands alongside the strategies used. In the case of our study, mobile phone companies in the Asian market can generate high volumes of sales if they set their priorities right. A number of literatures in our study have emphasized that individuals cannot be classified as a single entity since numerous internal and external factors influence their purchasing decision. Therefore, the mobile phone companies have to meet the needs and wants of the mobile phone consumers taking into account the consumers attitude, reference groups and motivational and emotional attachment to the product. The concept of reference groups has an enveloping effect on marketing studies. Reference groups have been used as a foundation for numerous marketing studies in different fields. But for our case he asserts that reference groups influence individuals in a number of ways including needs for social approval. Consumers apply both comparative and reflective assessment when purchasing a product. Although some consumers may decide to follow reference group(s) with caution, those who are more vulnerable to peer influence will always strive to satisfy the expectations of the refe rence groups by abiding by their norms. These norms normally function without verbal interactions or thinking. Companies apply their knowledge of motivation and emotions to formulate their marketing strategies. They can find ways of stimulating consumers’ emotions and motivating them to fill the need provoked by these emotions. Consumer attitude represent how the consumers perceive the products and services in the market. Companies must carry out marketing research to establish how there products and services are generally perceived in the market and make necessary adjustments. References Baker, G.A., Burnham, T.A. (2002). The market for genetically modified foods: consumer Characteristics and policy implications. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 4, 351-360. Baker, M., Hart, S. (1999). Product strategy and management. Eds. Prentice-Hall Europe, London. Blodgett, J.G., Lu, L.C., Rose, G.M., Vitell, S.J. (2001). Ethical Sensitivity to Stakeholder Intere sts: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29 (2), 90-202. Bloggers Association of Kenya. (2012). Nokia Announced the Immediate Availability of Nokia Asha range phones. Web. Castells, M., Fernandez- Ardevol, M., Qui, J.L., Sey, A. (2007). Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. London: MIT Press. Dahl, D.W., Moreau, P. (2002). The influence and value of analogical thinking during new Product ideation. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(1), 47-60. Gruner, K.E., Homburg, C. (2000). Does customer interaction enhance new product Success? Journal of Business Research, 49, 1-14. Hawkins, D. I., Best, R. J., Coney, K. A. (1998). Consumer behaviour-building marketing strategy. Journal of Marketing Research. 3(7), 2-45. Jaeger, S.R., Rossiter, K.L., Wismer, W.V., Harker, F.R. (2003). Consumer-driven product development in the kiwi-fruit industry. Food Quality and Preference, 14(3), 187-198. Ling, R. (2004). The Mobile Connection. The Ce ll Phone’s Impact on Society. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann. Liu, C.M. (2002). The effects of promotional activities on brand decision in the cellular telephone industry. The Journal of Product Brand Management, 11(1), 42-51. Meyer, R., Johnson, E.J. (1995). Empirical generalizations in the modelling of consumer choice. Marketing Science, 14, 75-90. McNeill, K.L., Sanders, T.H., Civille, G.V. (2000). Using focus groups to develop a Quantitative consumer questionnaire for peanut butter. Journal of Sensory Studies, 15, 163-178. Riquelme, H. (2001).Do consumers know what they want? Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(5), 437-448. Sheth, J.N., Mittal, B., Newman, B.I. (1999). Customer behaviour: consumer behaviour and beyond. Orlando: Dryden Press. Smith, D.C. (2003). The importance of challenges of being interested. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 31(3), 319-322. Spark, G. (2009). The Apple Success Story. Web. Srivastava, L. (2005). Mobile Phones and the evolutio n of social behaviour. Behaviour and Information Technology, 24(2), 111-129. Thrash, T.M., Elliot, A.J. (2003). Inspiration as a psychological construct. Journal of  Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 871-889. Vincent, J. (2005). Are People Affected by Their Attachment to Their Mobile Phone? In Nyiri, K. (Ed). A Sense of Place. Vienna: Passagen Verlag. Yoo, B., Donthu, N. (2002). Cultural Consequences Book. Journal of Marketing Research, 39(3), 385-388.

Essay on the subject Cultural and Ethical Values

On the subject Cultural and Ethical Values - Essay Example ed upon, and they consist of the following: "having a just cause, being a last resort, being declared by a proper authority, possessing right intention, having a reasonable chance of success, and the end being proportional to the means used" (Moseley, 2009). One can clearly see that although these principles are commonly accepted, they are open for interpretation and extrapolation. They allow a certain amount of flexibility and do not provide a strict ethical framework, as the principles and the interpretations of them can be quite vague at times ("Catholic Just War", n.d). Possessing a just cause is the first principle and probably the most important one, and it is very intrinsic as it stems from the very definition of a just war. It is commonly held that initiating an act of aggression is an unjust thing, and gives the attacked party the right to defend itself and initiate a counter-strike. The latter will be declared as a just war, as it is merely a response to the aggression being performed by the first party. However, the very concept of aggression is quite open-ended, as it can refer to a violation against territory, an insult which represents aggression towards the national honor, a trade embargo, etc. be that as it may, if an act of aggression has been committed and recognized as such, the party to whom the act had been done has the just right to react to it as they choose, and this will be considered as just (Johnson, 1984). What this means is that self-defense against an act of aggression is basically the only sufficient reason for a just war. But this can also be expanded to cases in which the first party has not yet attacked but it is clear that this is his intention and that hell be doing so soon. This is referred to as a preemptive strike, and is relevant to some other principles for a just war. Another principle for a just war which is also very much connected to the situation of a preemptive strike is being a last resort. This addresses the

Comparative Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Comparative Advantage - Essay Example This is probably not true for Japan because agriculture land is not massively available for cultivation in the country. Japan and Unites States have no comparative advantage in mineral fuels, pharmaceuticals, and apparel. Both countries have shortage of mineral fuel reserves and this is why they cannot export or neither fulfills all its energy needs. Pharmaceutical industry of United States is stronger than Japan but neither country has any comparative advantage in these industries. Both the countries have developed enough therefore they have no more labor intensive industry and this is why textile industry is not a comparative advantage for Japan and United States of America. Japan has competitive advantage in automotive industry and this is because of the innovative and technological capital of the country. Japanese automotive companies are famous all over the world for the quality of their product. Automobile industry started to grow in early 20th century in Japan and therefore the foundations of the industry were strong. Today, Japanese industry is ranked third all over the world in the automotive sector (BBC, 2012). United States enjoyed comparative advantage initially but later on lost to Japan, China, and Germany. On the other hand, United States has an extremely developed aerospace industry compared to Japan. The comparative advantage of United States in the aerospace industry is mainly due to large domestic consumer base and highly advanced military sector. This bolstered the aerospace industry of United States and gave the country comparative advantage over other countries. Electronics equipment is an area where Japan is well known all over the world. Again the intellectual and technological infrastructure the country has gives rise to the strength of the country in the sector. Electronics and electrical equipment are built on a large scale in Japan and are exported all over the world. Strong competition within Japan is contributed towards a strong

Symbolism in Medieval Art

Symbolism in Medieval Art EVE IN MEDIEVAL ART Symbolism in the Medieval period had both theological and social meanings, and the figure of Eve demonstrates how these two kinds of meanings coexisted in a single symbolic form. Medieval symbolism almost always occurred in art that was commissioned by or for the churches. In religious terms, the art of the Middle Ages was meant to instruct people of all classes and to be an aid to prayer and the contemplation of religious ideas. But, as art historians have begun to point out, this art was also a system of visual signs that can be viewed in terms of role models, social practices, and an encoded value system of social mores (Alexander 1). In strictly theological terms, the character of Eve, the first woman, was used to symbolize the Fall of the human race. Eve ate the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and persuaded Adam to eat it as well (Hall 4). This caused the human race to experience sin and evil. But Eve was also used as a symbol of the nature of women, seen as temptresses trying to lead men into sin. On seeing the figure of Eve as she was presented in Romanesque art, the viewer was reminded of the Fall, but, depending on how she was depicted, the viewer could also be reminded that women are weak-willed, deceitful seducers who are not to be trusted. The works that will be investigated to support this thesis, is Eve at the tympanum (c. 1125-1150) The theological and the social meanings of the symbol were not completely separate. The Church also seemed interested in promoting this misogynistic idea of women as a social value. But the meanings were separable, in the sense that, when Eve was used as the basic theological symbol of the Fall, the implications about the behavior of women in general did not have to be part of the symbol. In one sense, Medieval art consisted of a kind of sacred writing in which the identity or uses of certain pictorial elements were widely understood (MÃ ¢le, Medieval 267). MÃ ¢le gives the example of a halo which, when placed behind a persons head, indicates sainthood or holiness. In a more complicated example, a naked woman, with or without a snake or a tree, and holding a piece of fruit, would be known to be Eve. These particular attributes would be given to her when the temptation of Eve by Satan (and/or Eves temptation of Adam if he was present) was the subject being shownbut Eve could be shown in other situations as well. Medieval art is also a symbolic code, and, since the earliest times, Christian art had spoken in figures, showing men one thing and inviting them to see in it the figure of another (MÃ ¢le, Medieval 272). This means that, once the viewer identified Eves Temptation by her attributes of nakedness, the tree, the snake, and the fruit, then the viewer could move on to the understanding of what Eve, in this situation, symbolized. She symbolized the Fall of the human race, which was, because of her actions, condemned to suffering, pain, death, and sin. The human race could not be redeemed until Jesus suffered and died for all humanity and provided the means of obtaining, through the Church, eternal salvation. Thus, in its plain theological use, the figure of Eve was connected to the mission of the Church because her actions were responsible for making the Church necessary. For this reason, Medieval artists (or the people who planned the art of the churches) saw the Temptation as a foreshad owing of the Annunciation in which the Virgin Mary, as the New Eve, redeemed the sin of the old Eve (Hall 5). Petzold provides an example of this symbolic pairing of Eve and the Virgin Mary in Romanesque art. This is the sculpture on the tympanum (c. 1125-1150) over the doorway at the church of Neuilly-en-Donjon in France, where three interrelated scenes from the Bible show the three main archetypes of women: Eve, Mary Magdalen (a reformed adulteress), and the Virgin Mary (Petzold 123). The three women are all shown in relation to a man. In the bottom section of the sculpture (the lintel), Eve turns from the tree to tempt Adam with the fruit, and Mary Magdalen kneels in front of Jesus and anoints his feet and wipes them with her hair (Petzold 123). Above them, the main sculpture shows the Magi worshipping Jesus, who sits on Marys lap. Around Mary and Jesus, angels blow horns celebrating Marys triumph over sin. MÃ ¢le, commenting on this same sculpture, says that symbolically the work meant that woman, through whom sin came into the world [Eve] and by whom it was perpetuated [Mary Magdalen], is at last and forever rehabilitated by the Virgin (Religious 431). The same connection is made in another French church at Anzy-le-Duc, where the main tympanum sculpture shows the worship of the Magi on one side and Eve tempting Adam on the other. In the lower, lintel portion of the sculpture, heaven is shown beneath the Virgins side, and hell is shown beneath Eve (MÃ ¢le, Religious 432). These examples make clear Eves purely theological importance as a symbol clear. But, as MÃ ¢les explanation indicated, the Eve-Mary Magdalen-Virgin Mary symbolism had a message about women in general. Women as a group were believed to be prone to sin and to causing sin, especially sexual sin because they tempted men. St. Bernard (1091-1153), who was one of the most influential and eloquent orators and writers of his age, emphasized that Eves sin was the sin of all women. He said in a sermon that Eve was the original cause of all evil, whose disgrace has come down to all other women (quoted by Kraus 42). But St. Bernard was also a great promoter of the cult of the Virgin Mary, which was becoming very popular in the twelfth century. And, on the connection between Eve and Mary, he said, Rejoice, Eve, rejoice in such a daughter . . . Opprobrium has been wiped out; never again can woman be accused (quoted by MÃ ¢le, Religious 431). But, in actual practice, though they praised Mary, this did not much change the Churchs view of ordinary women as being sinful like Eve: In the glorification of the Virgin, it was the Woman-Without-Sin, the non-woman Woman, the anti-Eve that was revered (Kraus 46). The extent to which Mary was not like a real woman was considered worthy of praise. Petzold notes that, since this misogynistic view of women was often part of the Churchs message, the symbolism of Eve was expanded so that images of her in art frequently stress her role as a sexual temptress (124). In this role, Eve becomes a symbol of the sinful nature of all women. Her role in theologically important events does not require this interpretation at all (although her feminine weakness was always implied by the Bible story). But, in the Middle Ages, this interpretation of Eve was quite popular. Petzold points out the representation of Eve in this character in another Romanesque church in France, the Autun Cathedral. In a fragment of sculpture by Gislebertus from around 1130, Eve is shown naked and nearly lying down, supported only by her knees and one elbow. The position may refer to the story that God punished her by making her crawl on the ground like the snake who tempted her. But what is most striking about the Autun Eve is that, at a time when nudity was rare in art, the sinuous figure of Eve, with her rounded breasts, is one of the most erotically charged images in Romanesque art, and she is portrayed not so much as [a] sinner but as [a] temptress who invite[s] Adam, and by implication men in general, to commit sin (Petzold 125). At this time, the Church was trying to enforce strict celibacy on priests and monks, and stressing the sinfulness of sexual relations and of women in general probably was part of that effort (Petzold 125). But, as Kraus shows, the figure of Eve was the model for the various sculptures of the vice of Unchastity, or Lust, which one finds on so many church facades of the twelfth century and is invariably a woman, while the typically male vice, on the other hand, is either Pride or Avarice (42). The overall impression of women was of their complete inability to resist their sexual urges and their deep desire to draw men into sin. But, while all this did aid the Church in its attempt to induce celibacy in priests, it was hardly the kind of teaching calculated to spread affection for the wives and mothers in the audience (Kraus 44). This is what is meant by the social meanings of Medieval symbolism. As Alexander explains it, these images functioned to provide role models to sections of the Christian community, and the Church used various artistic means to intervene in the society in a variety of contexts (1). One of the methods that was used was repetition. MÃ ¢le pointed out how repetition of images ensured that every member of the potential audience would be sufficiently familiar with the various figures and their attributes to recognize an Eve with her apple or a saint with her halo (Medieval 267). But, in addition to familiarity with the elements of the stories, the visual messages were hammered home by their iconographical similarity until they were taken for granted and thus became an unquestioned part of everyday experience (Alexander 1). One of the most shocking images of Eve is found in a series of relief sculptures showing the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Paradise (from the twelfth century, at the French church of Notre-Dame-du-Port, at Clermont-Ferrand). In these sculptures, Adam hurls wailing Eve to the ground, kicks her, and drags her by the hair in a series of realistic gestures that may Maghave been inspired by a religious play, Le Jeu dAdam et Eve, that was performed both inside and outside of many churches (Kraus 44). The connection between such representations of Eve-Woman as deserving of this kind of treatment and an official sanctioning of such behavior by men toward their wives is not difficult to make. Some lines of the Adam and Eve play read, Oh, evil woman full of treason / Forever contrary to reason, / Bringing no man good in any season: / Our childrens children to the end of time / Will feel the cruel whiplash of your crime (quoted by Kraus 44). St. Bernards sermons, a popular play, and repeated artistic representations of Eve as the source of evil all combine to show how this symbol had a clear social meaning as well as a theological meaning. Though the Church was not the only source of such misogyny, it was an active promoter of the feeling, and the effects of the social meaning of the Eve symbol are, in part, still present today. Works Cited Alexander, Jonathan J. G. Iconography and Ideology: Uncovering Social Meanings in Western Medieval Christian Art. Studies in Iconography 15 (1993): 1-44. Hall, James. Subjects and Symbols in Art. 2nd ed. New York: Icon-Harper and Row, 1979. Kraus, Henry. The Living Theatre of Medieval Art. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1967. MÃ ¢le, Emile. Medieval Iconography. Ancient Egypt through the Middle Ages. Vol. 1 of Readings in Art History. New York: Scribners Sons, 1969. 265-91. The Twelfth Century: A Study in the Origins of Medieval Iconography. Vol. 1 of Religious Art in France. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1978. Petzold, Andreas. Romanesque Art. New York: Perspectives-Abrams, 1995. Â © K C Research Assistance, Inc., 1997

Japan Students and Education Essay example -- Essays Papers

Japan Students and Education After World War II, Japan was a country left with almost no resources and lacked of man power. However, Japanese had managed to reconstruct the country and make Japan a successful industrialized nation. What had make things change so dramatically? What special magic that Japanese people had used? The answer revealed itself when we look closer at the history of the Japan Education System. According to Okano and Tsuchiya that â€Å"Japan education can be split into pre-war period of nationalist schooling (1868-1945) and the post-war one of democratic education (1945-present)† (13). Education was used as the tool to nurture a sense of â€Å"nationhood† during pre-war period. In order to overcome the problem after World War II, the post-war one education had changed accordingly to the needs of the society. Education was used as a median to the development of human capital for the Japan’s economic growth. The key for the Japan economically success was education. The s uccess of the Japan education system relied greatly on students; students are the most important element who carries all the expectation from the society. This paper will explore the role play by the students in Japan education system for making the mark. Making the Mark: Society The success of the Japan education system after World War II shown that Japan society had lot to expect from their students. Japanese government and society take education seriously and the results and responses from the students out of the commitment are amazing. According to the statistic report from NationMaster.com Japan was ranked thirteen in the school enrollment in primary education with 100.81 percent in year 2000 and was in the first place in the rank of the school enrollment in the secondary education with 101.2 percent in year 2000. On the other hand according to Gail R. Benjamin â€Å"†¦ the national system of education [Japan] in 1872 had reached close to 100 percent enrollment levels (200).† Cleary the number hasn’t change much over the century and the success of the education system is inevitable true. Students in Japan play a major role in the success of the education by just participating in the system. The expectation from the society toward the students changes corresponding from primary school, middle school, high school and university. The primary school students are expectin... ...unity as a whole. Works Cited Benjamin, Gail. Japanese Lessons. New York: New York University Press, 1997 Okano, Kaori, and Tsuchiya, Motonori. Education in contemporary Japan: inequality and diversity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Amano, Ikuo. Japanese College Years. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 Cummings, William K. Postsecondary Education in Japan. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 Imamura, Anne E. The Japanese Family. 1990. 19 Nov. 2003 White, Merry. High School Students in Japan. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 â€Å"Parent’s Role.† Japanese Junior High Schools. Ms. Walton, Mrs. Thai, Mr. Munoz 24 Nov. 2003 http://www.motthall.org/cq/prole.html â€Å"Dating.† Japanese Junior High Schools. Ms. Walton, Mrs. Thai, Mr. Munoz 24 Nov. 2003 http://www.motthall.org/cq/prole.html Japan Students and Education Essay example -- Essays Papers Japan Students and Education After World War II, Japan was a country left with almost no resources and lacked of man power. However, Japanese had managed to reconstruct the country and make Japan a successful industrialized nation. What had make things change so dramatically? What special magic that Japanese people had used? The answer revealed itself when we look closer at the history of the Japan Education System. According to Okano and Tsuchiya that â€Å"Japan education can be split into pre-war period of nationalist schooling (1868-1945) and the post-war one of democratic education (1945-present)† (13). Education was used as the tool to nurture a sense of â€Å"nationhood† during pre-war period. In order to overcome the problem after World War II, the post-war one education had changed accordingly to the needs of the society. Education was used as a median to the development of human capital for the Japan’s economic growth. The key for the Japan economically success was education. The s uccess of the Japan education system relied greatly on students; students are the most important element who carries all the expectation from the society. This paper will explore the role play by the students in Japan education system for making the mark. Making the Mark: Society The success of the Japan education system after World War II shown that Japan society had lot to expect from their students. Japanese government and society take education seriously and the results and responses from the students out of the commitment are amazing. According to the statistic report from NationMaster.com Japan was ranked thirteen in the school enrollment in primary education with 100.81 percent in year 2000 and was in the first place in the rank of the school enrollment in the secondary education with 101.2 percent in year 2000. On the other hand according to Gail R. Benjamin â€Å"†¦ the national system of education [Japan] in 1872 had reached close to 100 percent enrollment levels (200).† Cleary the number hasn’t change much over the century and the success of the education system is inevitable true. Students in Japan play a major role in the success of the education by just participating in the system. The expectation from the society toward the students changes corresponding from primary school, middle school, high school and university. The primary school students are expectin... ...unity as a whole. Works Cited Benjamin, Gail. Japanese Lessons. New York: New York University Press, 1997 Okano, Kaori, and Tsuchiya, Motonori. Education in contemporary Japan: inequality and diversity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Amano, Ikuo. Japanese College Years. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 Cummings, William K. Postsecondary Education in Japan. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 Imamura, Anne E. The Japanese Family. 1990. 19 Nov. 2003 White, Merry. High School Students in Japan. 1988. 19 Nov. 2003 â€Å"Parent’s Role.† Japanese Junior High Schools. Ms. Walton, Mrs. Thai, Mr. Munoz 24 Nov. 2003 http://www.motthall.org/cq/prole.html â€Å"Dating.† Japanese Junior High Schools. Ms. Walton, Mrs. Thai, Mr. Munoz 24 Nov. 2003 http://www.motthall.org/cq/prole.html